Our team member Silke Lipinski conducts participatory research on topics that autistic people themselves find relevant. She points out that this is unfortunately rather unusual and that research should prioritise improving the quality of life of people on the autism spectrum alongside the search for causes. The work of the Autism Research Cooperation is presented in this ZEIT online article.
https://www.zeit.de/gesundheit/2025-03/forschung-autismus-studien-psychische-gesundheit-autisten
Emotion recognition experiments are a classic in autism research. The idea behind it is quite simple: recognizing emotions is an important prerequisite for understanding other people. Problems in recognizing emotions could therefore be a possible explanation for many autistic characteristics in social interaction. Decades of research have produced a clear picture: ‘It’s complicated’. On average, autistic people have more problems recognizing emotional facial expressions than non-autistic people. This means that if we compare a large group of autistic people with a large group of non-autistic people, we are very likely to find a (significant) difference in the mean score of the two groups. However, this does not mean that all autistic people have problems recognizing emotions per se. The actual picture is much more mixed. There are autistic people with severe emotion recognition problems, those with mild emotion recognition problems and those who are very good at recognizing emotions. There are also people in the non-autistic population with better and worse emotion recognition skills.
So if emotion recognition problems are not a primary characteristic of autism, the question arises as to why they occur so frequently in autistic people and whether there could be another cause. One possible explanation is provided by the ‘alexithymia hypothesis’. Alexithymia is a personality trait that literally means ‘no words for feelings’. People with heightened alexithymia have difficulty recognizing and describing their own feelings and tend to focus on things they can see or touch rather than on their own emotional experiences, or those of other people. The degree of a person’s alexithymia can be measured with various questionnaires, e.g. as in our study with the Toronto Alexithymia Scale-26. Alexithymia itself is not a medical diagnosis, but is considered a risk factor for various mental illnesses such as depression or anxiety disorders. High levels of alexithymia are also relatively common in the autistic population. While the probability of increased alexithymia in the general population is around 5 per cent, this figure is around 50 per cent in the autistic population.
Various studies show that alexithymia is also associated with problems recognizing emotions in other people. The alexithymia hypothesis now assumes that problems in recognizing emotions in autistic people can be attributed to the presence of co-occurring alexithymia. We have investigated this hypothesis for the first time by combining a behavioral experiment with the simultaneous measurement of brain activity (functional magnetic resonance imaging = fMRI). In addition to the behavioral data, fMRI can provide information about the underlying processing. This means that we not only see how well or poorly our test subjects solve the task, but also whether there are differences in the activity of certain brain areas associated with specific processing processes, such as visual attention, face processing or social cognition. With the help of functional magnetic resonance imaging, processes of ‘implicit’ emotion processing can also be distinguished from those of ‘explicit’ emotion processing. By implicit emotion processing, we mean processes that run unconsciously and automatically as soon as we perceive an emotion, regardless of whether we are focussing on it or not. Explicit emotion processing, on the other hand, only takes place if we consciously engage with the perceived emotions or if our attention is directed to them from outside.
In autism research, there is still disagreement about the extent to which the emotion recognition difficulties of autistic people (if present) are due to problems with implicit (unconscious) or explicit (conscious) emotion recognition. Furthermore, the alexithymia hypothesis has never been investigated in the context of implicit emotion processing. For this reason, we presented three different tasks in our experiment: Sex recognition for neutral facial expressions (control condition), sex recognition for emotional facial expressions (implicit emotion recognition) and emotion recognition for emotional facial expressions (explicit emotion recognition). These three conditions make it possible to consider the different processes we assume in the task separately: in the control condition and the implicit emotion recognition condition, the subjects have the same task (“What sex is the person?”). The only difference between the conditions is the expression of the faces (neutral or emotional). This means that all differences in brain activity between the conditions can be attributed to the implicit processing of emotions. In contrast, the only difference between explicit and implicit emotion recognition is the task: in both conditions, subjects see emotional faces. In one condition they are asked to determine the sex, in the other the emotion. All differences in brain activity between these tasks can therefore be attributed to explicit emotion recognition (for a visual representation of the task and the experimental procedure, see Figure 1).
Figure 1. Procedure of the experiment. The different conditions were presented in blocks of 8 faces each (Geschlechtserkennung = control condition, Implizite Emotionserkennung = implicit emotion recognition, Explizite Emotionserkennung = explicit emotion recognition). At the beginning of each block, the subjects were presented with the task. The faces were then shown one after the other together with the possible answers. The blocks were played in random order. There was a longer rest period between each block. This is necessary to avoid possible carry-over effects of prolonged activation and to measure brain activity in the resting state.
When planning the experiment, we formulated various predictions (hypotheses) for our results. Formulating hypotheses is an important step in research to ensure that the results are interpreted as objectively as possible and that the theories are not arbitrarily adapted to the results that have just been found (for a visual representation of the problem, see Figure 2). At the behavioural level, we assumed that autistic subjects make more errors in explicit emotion recognition than non-autistic subjects and also need more time for their responses. We did not expect any differences in response behaviour in the implicit emotion recognition and control condition. Furthermore, according to the alexithymia hypothesis, we expected emotion recognition problems to be particularly evident in autistic subjects with increased alexithymia. At the level of brain function, we also expected differences between autistic and non-autistic subjects, as well as differences related to the presence of increased alexithymia. We expected these differences mainly in the face processing system and in different regions of the social brain (see original publication for more information).
Figure 2. Illustration of why hypotheses are important. ‘It’s easy to hit your target, if you pick the target after you shoot. But you don’t learn anything that way.’ (https://jaydaigle.net/blog/hypothesis-testing-part-3/). Illustration by Dirk-Jan Hoek, CC-BY
For our study, we analyzed the data of 120 adult participants. Half of the subjects had an autism diagnosis, the other half formed the non-autistic comparison group. To investigate the alexithymia hypothesis, the autism group was additionally divided into a group with and a group without co-occurring alexithymia. The autistic participants repeatedly performed various measurements and behavioral tasks inside and outside the MRI scanner on two measurement dates as part of the FASTER/SCOTT ancillary study. For the results presented here, only the data from the first measurement date were analyzed (more information on the FASTER/SCOTT ancillary study here). The test subjects lay in the MRI scanner during the task and their responses were recorded using a response pad. The response options were ‘male’ or ‘female’ in the conditions with gender recognition and ‘sad’ or ‘fearful’ in the explicit emotion recognition condition.
Our behavioral data show that autistic subjects make more errors on average when judging emotional facial expressions. The analysis of response times also suggests that the problems may already begin in the early processing phases of facial recognition, as autistic subjects are already slower on average than non-autistic subjects in gender recognition. Contrary to our expectations, there is no correlation between co-occurring alexithymia and emotion recognition problems in response behavior.
Figure 3. A) Illustration of response times of the participants divided according to group membership and condition. Each point represents the average response time of a subject within a condition. The boxes (boxplots) provide information on the distribution of the values. Asterisks indicate significant group differences. B) Illustration of the response accuracy of the test subjects divided according to group membership and condition.
ASD+ = autism group with co-occurring alexithymia, ASD- = autism group without co-occurring alexithymia, NC- = non-autistic comparison group without alexithymia. Explicit = Explicit (conscious) emotion recognition, Implicit = Implicit (unconscious) emotion recognition, Neutral = Neutral face control condition.
At the level of brain function, we find an opposing picture: a comparison of the brain activity of autistic and non-autistic participants during the task reveals no significant differences. The comparison of autistic subjects with and without co-occurring alexithymia, on the other hand, shows that alexithymia significantly influences brain activity during emotion recognition.
Figure 4. A) Illustration of the significant differences in activation between autistic subjects with and without co-occurring alexithymia during explicit emotion recognition. All differences found show lower activation in subjects with alexithymia. MTG = Medial Temporal Gyrus, IPG = Inferior Parietal Gyrus. B) Illustration of the significant differences in activation between autistic subjects with and without co-occurring alexithymia during implicit emotion recognition. All differences found show a higher activation in subjects with alexithymia.
PCG = Precentral Gyrus, TPJ = Temporoparietal Junction.
ASD+ = autism group with concomitant alexithymia, ASD- = autism group without concomitant alexithymia. IMP = Implicit emotion recognition, EXP = Explicit emotion recognition, NEU = Neutral face control condition.
In summary, our results show, as is so often the case in research: ‘It’s complicated’. The response behavior of our subjects seems to contradict the alexithymia hypothesis, while the analysis of brain activity indicates an influence of alexithymia on emotion processing. We interpret the results such that accompanying alexithymia influences the emotion processing of autistic individuals, but cannot be used as the sole explanation for the existing problems in emotion recognition. Another possible explanation for emotion recognition problems in autistic people could be fundamental difficulties in facial perception. This is indicated by the differences in response speed in the control condition. Furthermore, this assumption could also explain why we found no differences between autistic and non-autistic subjects at the level of brain function: our task was not designed to detect changes in general face perception. This would have required another control condition without faces. In addition, the brain functional differences found in connection with alexithymia point to different ‘solution strategies’. These assumed strategies seem to lead to a similar result, at least in our experiment, as the response behavior of autistic subjects with and without alexithymia was comparable.
Our results could neither confirm nor refute the alexithymia hypothesis. However, they raise exciting questions that can be specifically investigated in further studies:
By answering these questions, it may be possible to develop more targeted support services for autistic people in the future.
Of course, our study, like any other, has its weaknesses and limitations. For example, our study only looked at autistic people without intellectual disability. Our conclusions cannot therefore be applied to the whole autism spectrum. The emotion recognition task in the scanner was also very artificial and far from realistic. We were therefore unable to answer the question of how far the recognition difficulties we found in the scanner could be transferred to social interactions in everyday life. Similarly, we cannot say anything about alexithymia in general, but only about alexithymia associated with autism, because we did not have an alexithymic, non-autistic comparison group. Other limitations of a more technical and methodological nature can be found in the original article.
A major strength of our study is the large sample size compared to similar studies. As our study is an ancillary project to the largest controlled and randomized psychotherapy study to date in adults with autism, the clinical and psychometric assessment of the autistic subjects meets the highest quality standards.
We would like to thank all participants who made our research possible through their great commitment.
You can find the original article here (Open Access publication).
Post written by Simon Kirsch
Paula Alarcón was awarded the 2nd poster prize at the 12th Mind Brain Body Symposium (MBBS) organised by the Max-Plank Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, that took place last March in Berlin. The MBBS is an excellent conference where renowned speakers share their state-of-the-art work on topics dealing with the intersections between cognition, interoception, and emotion; and a great opportunity for early-career researchers to showcase their projects on such topics. During her poster presentation titled: ‘Quantification of metacognition of emotion: an EEG and pupillometry study‘, Paula presented the novel methodological approach and preliminary results of her PhD study, and managed to convince the audience! You can find the poster at the MBBS website. Looking forward to the final results of her study!
Dr. Simone Kirst was awarded the Weber-Bosch Prize by WGAS e.V. for her innovative work in the field of interventions for people on the autism spectrum. She was given the opportunity to present her research findings in the ‘Zirkus Empathico’ project to an international audience of experts at the Scientific Conference on the Autism Spectrum (WTAS) 2025. The award honours young German-speaking researchers who have made extraordinary and innovative achievements in autism research.
The documentary, produced by Westdeutscher Rundfunk (WDR), follows Hannah, who was diagnosed with autism at the age of 35. Before the diagnosis, Hannah had spent her whole life feeling somehow ‘different’ without knowing exactly why. The film provides insights into Hannah’s autistic perception and also accompanies her to the Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, where Prof. Dr. Isabel Dziobek and Dr. Mareike Bayer present some of our scientific tests such as the Berlin Emotion Recognition Test (BERT).
The entire documentary is available (in German) on the Quarks YouTube channel:
Barbara has recently joined us as a postdoctoral scientist.
Her research focus lies in the bio-psychological basis of mental illness and its treatment. In her current research project, she is interested in the effects and the bio-psycho-social correlates of altered states of consciousness in people with a history of trauma.
Barbara’s breathwork study is funded by the Tiny Blue Dot Foundation.
Our lab was represented at this year’s WTAS (Conference of the Scientific Society for Autism Research Germany) with several oral and poster presentations. We would like to thank all members who contributed to the success of the conference with their exciting contributions. We would especially like to congratulate Lena Matyjek and Mareike Bayer, who were honoured with the WTAS Poster Awards for their outstanding scientific work.
Lena presented her latest findings on autistic particularities in looking preferences and pupillary responses to social motion (moving human faces). Her results suggest that lowered preferences for social motion in autism persist across lifespan and may serve as a potential marker for the condition, even in adulthood (preprint available here).
Mareike presented a study investigating the interests of autistic individuals (often referred to as special interests). While previous studies have focused on the negative aspects and consequences of these interests, Mareike’s work highlights their importance as a strategy for emotion regulation and a source of knowledge. The results emphasise the potential of autistic people’s interests to improve mental health and wellbeing and the need to reduce associated stigma.
Nina Hartter has recently joined us as a PhD student!
Her research interests revolve around altered states of consciousness induced by contemplative traditions and if and how they can benefit clinical and non-clinical populations. In her PhD she is investigating the effects of a breathwork intervention on the wellbeing and socio-emotional functioning of people with traumatic childhood experiences.
Nina’s breathwork study is funded by the Tiny Blue Dot Foundation.
We wish Nina all the best for her doctoral studies!
What mental health topics are important to you? Help us select the most relevant research topics!
From February 22nd to March 14th, 2024, a nationwide three-week online dialogue will take place at https://kommit-deutschland.de/. All people aged 16 and over who have had personal experience with mental health problems or who are close to someone affected are invited to contribute their topics.
Josh Hindmarsh has recently joined us as a PhD student!
His research revolves around states of approach-avoidance conflict (i.e., competing motivations towards reward and away from harm). He looks forward to adapting an existing behavioural paradigm to explore these conflict states through a social lens while incorporating biological measures.
Josh is pursuing his studies through the Max Planck School of Cognition, a doctoral program dedicated to advancing the understanding of cognitive processes through interdisciplinary and innovative approaches.
We wish Josh all the best for his doctoral studies!
